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General description of the gene and encoded protein(s) using information from HGNC and Ensembl, as well as predictions made as well as predictions made by the Human Protein Atlas project.
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on data from HPA. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.
All genes with at least one isoform expected to be secreted to the extracellular environment have been annotated and classified either as secreted to blood or as locally secreted, depending on the predicted final location of the corresponding protein. Proteins expected to be locally secreted have been further classified according to their site of expression.
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on data from HPA. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on data from HPA. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.
All transcripts of all genes have been analyzed regarding the location(s) of corresponding protein based on prediction methods for signal peptides and transmembrane regions.
Genes with at least one transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, according to prediction methods or to UniProt location data, have been further annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are secreted or actually retained in intracellular locations or membrane-attached.
Remaining genes, with no transcript predicted to encode a secreted protein, will be assigned the prediction-based location(s).
The annotated location overrules the predicted location, so that a gene encoding a predicted secreted protein that has been annotated as intracellular will have intracellular as the final location.
Useful information about the protein provided by UniProt.
Ghrelin is the ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHSR). Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation....show less
Molecular function (UniProt)i
Keywords assigned by UniProt to proteins due to their particular molecular function.
Hormone
Gene summary (Entrez)i
Useful information about the gene from Entrez
This gene encodes the ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein that is cleaved to yield two peptides, ghrelin and obestatin. Ghrelin is a powerful appetite stimulant and plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Its secretion is initiated when the stomach is empty, whereupon it binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in the hypothalamus which results in the secretion of growth hormone (somatotropin). Ghrelin is thought to regulate multiple activities, including hunger, reward perception via the mesolimbic pathway, gastric acid secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and pancreatic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. It was initially proposed that obestatin plays an opposing role to ghrelin by promoting satiety and thus decreasing food intake, but this action is still debated. Recent reports suggest multiple metabolic roles for obestatin, including regulating adipocyte function and glucose metabolism. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. In addition, antisense transcripts for this gene have been identified and may potentially regulate ghrelin-obestatin preproprotein expression. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]...show less
TISSUE ATLASi
The Tissue Atlas contains information regarding the expression profiles of human genes both on the mRNA and protein level. The protein expression data from 44 normal human tissue types is derived from antibody-based protein profiling using immunohistochemistry.
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on a combination of data from HPA, GTEX and FANTOM5. The categories include: tissue enriched, group enriched, tissue enhanced, low tissue specificity and not detected.
The RNA distribution category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on a combination of data from HPA, GTEX and FANTOM5. The categories include: detected in all, detected in many, detected in some, detected in single and not detected.
A summary of the overall protein expression pattern across the analyzed normal tissues. The summary is based on knowledge-based annotation.
"Estimation of protein expression could not be performed. View primary data." is shown for genes analyzed with a knowledge-based approach where available RNA-seq and gene/protein characterization data has been evaluated as not sufficient in combination with immunohistochemistry data to yield a reliable estimation of the protein expression profile.
The Brain Atlas explores the protein expression in the mammalian brain by visualization and integration of data from three mammalian species (human, pig and mouse). Transcriptomics data combined with affinity-based protein in situ localization down to single cell detail is here available in a brain-centric sub atlas of the Human Protein Atlas.
The regional specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed brain samples, grouped into 10 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. The human brain expression profile is based on a combination of data from GTEX and FANTOM5. The specificity categories include: regionally enriched, group enriched, regionally enhanced, low regional specificity and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue specificity category.
The regional specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed brain samples, grouped into 10 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. The human brain expression profile is based on a combination of data from GTEX and FANTOM5. The specificity categories include: regionally enriched, group enriched, regionally enhanced, low regional specificity and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue specificity category.
The regional specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed brain samples, grouped into 10 main brain regions and calculated for the three different species. The human brain expression profile is based on a combination of data from GTEX and FANTOM5. The specificity categories include: regionally enriched, group enriched, regionally enhanced, low regional specificity and not detected. The classification rules are the same used for the tissue specificity category.
Summary of data presented in the Cell Atlas and a representative image of subcellular localization. The Cell Atlas provides RNA expression data derived from RNA sequencing of a large panel of cell lines and protein localization data derived from antibody-based profiling by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, using a subset of cell lines selected based on RNA expression.
The main location is characterized by presence in all tested cell lines and/or increased intensity compared to other locations. It is highlighted in the illustration to the right. If available, links to overrepresentation analyses in Reactome, a free, open-source, curated and peer reviewed biological pathway database, are provided. An analysis is done for the corresponding gene set of the proteome localizing to the main and additional locations of the protein on this page, respectively.
Not available
Cell line specificityi
The cell lines in the Human Protein Atlas have been analyzed by RNA-seq to estimate the transcript abundance of each protein-coding gene. The RNA-seq data was then used to classify all genes according to their cell line-specific expression into one of six different categories, defined based on the total set of all NX values in all analyzed cell lines.
The Blood Atlas contains single cell type information on genome-wide RNA expression profiles of human protein-coding genes covering various B- and T-cells, monocytes, granulocytes and dendritic cells. In addition, an analysis of the human secretome is presented. including annotation of the genes predicted to be actively secreted to human blood. An analysis of the proteins detected in human blood is also presented.
All genes with at least one predicted secreted isoform have been annotated and classified with the aim to determine if the corresponding protein(s) are:
secreted into blood
locally secreted
or actually being attached to membrane or retained in intracellular locations like mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus or lysosomes.
The RNA specificity category is based on mRNA expression levels in the analyzed samples based on data from HPA. The categories include: cell type enriched, group enriched, cell type enhanced, low cell type specificity and not detected.
The blood-based immunoassay category applies to actively secreted proteins and is based on plasma or serum protein concentrations established with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, compiled from a literature search. The categories include: detected and not detected, where detection refers to a concentration found in the literature search.
Detection or not of the gene in blood, based on spectral count estimations from a publicly available mass spectrometry-based plasma proteomics data set obtained from the PeptideAtlas.
Yes
PATHOLOGY ATLASi
Summary of data presented in the Pathology Atlas , including mRNA and protein expression data from 17 different forms of human cancer, as well as correlation analysis of mRNA expression and patient survival. To the far left, a representative image of protein expression, based on immunohistochemistry, is shown. Next to it, a representative image of a Kaplan-Meier plot, based on correlation analysis. Images are clickable and redirect to pages with more Pathology Atlas data.
Specificity of RNA expression in 17 cancer types is categorized as either cancer enriched, group enriched, cancer enhanced, low cancer specificity and not detected.
Distribution of RNA expression in 17 cancer types is categorized as either detected in single, detected in some, detected in many, detected in all, or not detected.
Gene information from Ensembl and Entrez, as well as links to available gene identifiers are displayed here. Information was retrieved from Ensembl if not indicated otherwise.
Gene name
GHRL (HGNC Symbol)
Synonyms
ghrelin, MTLRP, obestatin
Description
Ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide (HGNC Symbol)
Chromosome
3
Cytoband
p25.3
Chromosome location (bp)
10285675 - 10292947
Number of transcriptsi
Number of protein-coding transcribed from this gene as defined by Ensembl.
The protein browser displays the antigen location on the target protein(s) and the features of the target protein. The tabs at the top of the protein view section can be used to switch between the different splice variants to which an antigen has been mapped.
At the top of the view, the position of the antigen (identified by the corresponding HPA identifier) is shown as a green bar. A yellow triangle on the bar indicates a <100% sequence identity to the protein target.
Below the antigens, the maximum percent sequence identity of the protein to all other proteins from other human genes is displayed, using a sliding window of 10 aa residues (HsID 10) or 50 aa residues (HsID 50). The region with the lowest possible identity is always selected for antigen design, with a maximum identity of 60% allowed for designing a single-target antigen (read more).
The curve in blue displays the predicted antigenicity i.e. the tendency for different regions of the protein to generate an immune response, with peak regions being predicted to be more antigenic.The curve shows average values based on a sliding window approach using an in-house propensity scale. (read more).
If a signal peptide is predicted by a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius (turquoise) and/or transmembrane regions (orange) are predicted by MDM, these are displayed.
Low complexity regions are shown in yellow and InterPro regions in green. Common (purple) and unique (grey) regions between different splice variants of the gene are also displayed (read more), and at the bottom of the protein view is the protein scale.
The protein information section displays alternative protein-coding transcripts (splice variants) encoded by this gene according to the Ensembl database.
The ENSP identifier links to the Ensembl website protein summary, while the ENST identifier links to the Ensembl website transcript summary for the selected splice variant. The data in the UniProt column can be expanded to show links to all matching UniProt identifiers for this protein.
The protein classes assigned to this protein are shown if expanding the data in the protein class column. Parent protein classes are in bold font and subclasses are listed under the parent class.
The Gene Ontology terms assigned to this protein are listed if expanding the Gene ontology column. The length of the protein (amino acid residues according to Ensembl), molecular mass (kDalton), predicted signal peptide (according to a majority of the signal peptide predictors SPOCTOPUS, SignalP 4.0, and Phobius) and the number of predicted transmembrane region(s) (according to MDM) are also reported.
Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Peptideatlas)
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GO:0000187 [activation of MAPK activity] GO:0001664 [G-protein coupled receptor binding] GO:0001696 [gastric acid secretion] GO:0001937 [negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation] GO:0005179 [hormone activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005576 [extracellular region] GO:0005615 [extracellular space] GO:0005788 [endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0006006 [glucose metabolic process] GO:0007186 [G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007204 [positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration] GO:0008154 [actin polymerization or depolymerization] GO:0008343 [adult feeding behavior] GO:0009725 [response to hormone] GO:0009755 [hormone-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0010469 [regulation of receptor activity] GO:0016358 [dendrite development] GO:0016525 [negative regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0016608 [growth hormone-releasing hormone activity] GO:0030252 [growth hormone secretion] GO:0030296 [protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030424 [axon] GO:0031768 [ghrelin receptor binding] GO:0032024 [positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0032095 [regulation of response to food] GO:0032100 [positive regulation of appetite] GO:0032691 [negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0034774 [secretory granule lumen] GO:0040018 [positive regulation of multicellular organism growth] GO:0042127 [regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0042322 [negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep] GO:0042536 [negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process] GO:0043066 [negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043400 [cortisol secretion] GO:0043627 [response to estrogen] GO:0045409 [negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process] GO:0046010 [positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep] GO:0046697 [decidualization] GO:0050728 [negative regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0051216 [cartilage development] GO:0051461 [positive regulation of corticotropin secretion] GO:0051464 [positive regulation of cortisol secretion] GO:0051965 [positive regulation of synapse assembly] GO:0060124 [positive regulation of growth hormone secretion] GO:0060399 [positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway] GO:0061098 [positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0098794 [postsynapse]
Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Peptideatlas)
Show all
GO:0000187 [activation of MAPK activity] GO:0001664 [G-protein coupled receptor binding] GO:0001696 [gastric acid secretion] GO:0001937 [negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation] GO:0005179 [hormone activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005576 [extracellular region] GO:0005615 [extracellular space] GO:0005788 [endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0006006 [glucose metabolic process] GO:0007186 [G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007204 [positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration] GO:0008154 [actin polymerization or depolymerization] GO:0008343 [adult feeding behavior] GO:0009725 [response to hormone] GO:0009755 [hormone-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0010469 [regulation of receptor activity] GO:0016358 [dendrite development] GO:0016525 [negative regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0016608 [growth hormone-releasing hormone activity] GO:0030252 [growth hormone secretion] GO:0030296 [protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030424 [axon] GO:0031768 [ghrelin receptor binding] GO:0032024 [positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0032095 [regulation of response to food] GO:0032100 [positive regulation of appetite] GO:0032691 [negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0034774 [secretory granule lumen] GO:0040018 [positive regulation of multicellular organism growth] GO:0042127 [regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0042322 [negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep] GO:0042536 [negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process] GO:0043066 [negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043400 [cortisol secretion] GO:0043627 [response to estrogen] GO:0045409 [negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process] GO:0046010 [positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep] GO:0046697 [decidualization] GO:0050728 [negative regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0051216 [cartilage development] GO:0051461 [positive regulation of corticotropin secretion] GO:0051464 [positive regulation of cortisol secretion] GO:0051965 [positive regulation of synapse assembly] GO:0060124 [positive regulation of growth hormone secretion] GO:0060399 [positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway] GO:0061098 [positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0098794 [postsynapse]
Predicted intracellular proteins Intracellular proteins predicted by MDM and MDSEC Plasma proteins Mapped to neXtProt neXtProt - Evidence at protein level Protein evidence (Peptideatlas)
Show all
GO:0000187 [activation of MAPK activity] GO:0001664 [G-protein coupled receptor binding] GO:0001696 [gastric acid secretion] GO:0001937 [negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation] GO:0005179 [hormone activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005576 [extracellular region] GO:0005615 [extracellular space] GO:0005788 [endoplasmic reticulum lumen] GO:0006006 [glucose metabolic process] GO:0007186 [G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0007204 [positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration] GO:0008154 [actin polymerization or depolymerization] GO:0008343 [adult feeding behavior] GO:0009725 [response to hormone] GO:0009755 [hormone-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0010469 [regulation of receptor activity] GO:0016358 [dendrite development] GO:0016525 [negative regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0016608 [growth hormone-releasing hormone activity] GO:0030252 [growth hormone secretion] GO:0030296 [protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030424 [axon] GO:0031768 [ghrelin receptor binding] GO:0032024 [positive regulation of insulin secretion] GO:0032095 [regulation of response to food] GO:0032100 [positive regulation of appetite] GO:0032691 [negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production] GO:0034774 [secretory granule lumen] GO:0040018 [positive regulation of multicellular organism growth] GO:0042127 [regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0042322 [negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep] GO:0042536 [negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor biosynthetic process] GO:0043066 [negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043400 [cortisol secretion] GO:0043627 [response to estrogen] GO:0045409 [negative regulation of interleukin-6 biosynthetic process] GO:0046010 [positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep] GO:0046697 [decidualization] GO:0050728 [negative regulation of inflammatory response] GO:0051216 [cartilage development] GO:0051461 [positive regulation of corticotropin secretion] GO:0051464 [positive regulation of cortisol secretion] GO:0051965 [positive regulation of synapse assembly] GO:0060124 [positive regulation of growth hormone secretion] GO:0060399 [positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway] GO:0061098 [positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0098794 [postsynapse]
The Human Protein Atlas project is funded
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