The pituitary gland-specific proteome

The pituitary gland (also called hypophysis) is a hormone-producing gland of dual embryonic origin, the anterior endocrine gland and the posterior neuronal gland. The anterior lobe is divided into three regions: pars distalis, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia. These structures consist mainly of hormone-producing epithelial cells (somatotropes, corticotropes, thyrotropes, gonadotropes and lactotropes) that store hormones and other molecules in secretory granules, to later be released into the bloodstream and facilitates further downstream effects in peripheral tissues. The posterior lobe consists mainly of unmyelinated axons of hypothalamic secretory neuronal cells, from the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei, and pituicytes, a type of glial cell that supports the storage and release of hormones. Neurohypophysial hormones, containing antidiuretic hormones and oxytocin, travels along the axons from the hypothalamic neurons to the nerve endings in the posterior pituitary, specifically to the pars nervosa - the main structure of the posterior gland. Transcriptome analysis shows that 75% (n=14719) of all human proteins (n=19670) are expressed in the pituitary gland and 353 of these genes show an elevated expression in pituitary gland compared to other tissue types.

  • 353 elevated genes
  • 26 enriched genes
  • 111 group enriched genes
  • Pituitary gland has most group enriched gene expression in common with brain
  • Anterior pituitary gland includes five cell lineages of specialized endocrine cells


Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the pituitary gland and its position underneath the hypothalamus.


The pituitary gland transcriptome

Transcriptome analysis of the pituitary gland can be visualized with regard to specificity and distribution of transcribed mRNA molecules (Figure 1). Specificity illustrates the number of genes with elevated or non-elevated expression in the pituitary gland compared to other tissues. Elevated expression includes three subcategory types of elevated expression:

  • Tissue enriched: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in pituitary gland compared to any other tissues.
  • Group enriched: At least four-fold higher average mRNA level in a group of 2-5 tissues compared to any other tissue.
  • Tissue enhanced: At least four-fold higher mRNA level in pituitary gland compared to the average level in all other tissues.

Distribution, on the other hand, visualizes how many genes that have, or do not have, detectable levels (NX≥1) of transcribed mRNA molecules in the pituitary gland compared to other tissues. As evident in Table 1, all genes elevated in pituitary gland are categorized as:

  • Detected in single: Detected in a single tissue
  • Detected in some: Detected in more than one but less than one third of tissues
  • Detected in many: Detected in at least a third but not all tissues
  • Detected in all: Detected in all tissues

A. Specificity

B. Distribution

Figure 1. (A) The distribution of all genes across the five categories based on transcript specificity in pituitary gland as well as in all other tissues. (B) The distribution of all genes across the six categories, based on transcript detection (NX≥1) in pituitary gland as well as in all other tissues.

As shown in Figure 1, 353 genes show some level of elevated expression in the pituitary gland compared to other tissues. The three categories of genes with elevated expression in pituitary gland compared to other organs are shown in Table 1. In Table 2, the 12 genes with the highest enrichment in pituitary gland are defined.

Table 1. Number of genes in the subdivided categories of elevated expression in pituitary gland.

Distribution in the 37 tissues
Detected in singleDetected in someDetected in manyDetected in all Total
Specificity
Tissue enriched 21680 26
Group enriched 056550 111
Tissue enhanced 06313320 216
Total 213519620 353

Table 2. The 12 genes with the highest level of enriched expression in pituitary gland. "Tissue distribution" describes the transcript detection (NX≥1) in pituitary gland as well as in all other tissues. "mRNA (tissue)" shows the transcript level in pituitary gland as NX values. "Tissue specificity score (TS)" corresponds to the fold-change between the expression level in pituitary gland and the tissue with second highest expression level.

Gene Description Tissue distribution mRNA (tissue) Tissue specificity score
FSHB follicle stimulating hormone beta subunit Detected in single 70.7 90
PRL prolactin Detected in some 1739.5 81
TSHB thyroid stimulating hormone beta Detected in some 192.4 77
POU1F1 POU class 1 homeobox 1 Detected in some 138.8 49
POMC proopiomelanocortin Detected in some 811.1 36
GHRHR growth hormone releasing hormone receptor Detected in some 108.9 36
AVPR1B arginine vasopressin receptor 1B Detected in some 52.8 23
GPR50 G protein-coupled receptor 50 Detected in some 64.9 21
GNRHR gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor Detected in some 56.6 14
LHB luteinizing hormone beta polypeptide Detected in some 301.4 13
LHX3 LIM homeobox 3 Detected in some 33.4 13
IGSF1 immunoglobulin superfamily member 1 Detected in many 138.7 9


Protein expression of genes elevated in pituitary gland

In-depth analysis of the elevated genes in pituitary gland using antibody-based protein profiling allowed us to create a map of where the corresponding proteins are expressed within the anterior (adeno) pituitary gland.

Adenopituitary proteins and hormones

The anterior pituitary hormone secretion is under the influence of hypothalamic hormone-releasing hormones, and stimulates release of several different hormones.

The hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing-hormone binds the thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) which in turn stimulates the thyrotropic cells to release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHB). In a similar fashion, the secretion of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) from the corticotropes is stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) binding to the receptor (CRHR1). POMC is a precursor to ACTH, opioid peptides and alpha-MSH. Furthermore, the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSHB) and luteinizing hormone (LHB) is dependant on the stimulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GNRHR) by hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH1).


TRHR

TSHB


CRHR1

POMC


GNRHR

FSHB

LHB

Prolactin (PRL) is a secreted anterior pituitary hormone and functions as a growth regulator for many tissues, and it is essential for stimulating lactation. The gene (AVPR1B) encodes a G-coupled receptor for arginine vasopressin. The AVPR1B receptor is expressed in the anterior pituitary, and is implicated in ACTH release. Another protein, Galanin (GAL) is a physiologically active neuropeptide that is implicated in nociception, feeding and energy homeostasis, osmotic regulation and water balance. Galanin immunoreactivity can be observed in pituitary but also in the hypothalamus.


PRL

AVPR1B

GAL

Proteins involved in adenopituitary cell type-specific differentiation

Cellular differentiation in the anterior pituitary is dependent on specific transcription factors. PROP1 is believed to mainly be involved in the differentiation of gonadotropes, as well as somatotropes and lactotropes. T-Pit (T-box family member TBX19) regulates the POMC lineage and corticotrophs. While the Pit-1 transcription factor, encoded by the POU1F1 gene, specifies lineage of the lactotropes, somatotropes and thyrotropes. Lineage-markers against different transcription factors are useful in classifying pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.


PROP1

TBX19

POU1F1


Gene expression shared between the pituitary gland and other tissues

There are 111 group enriched genes expressed in pituitary gland. Group enriched genes are defined as genes showing a 4-fold higher average level of mRNA expression in a group of 2-5 tissues, including pituitary gland, compared to all other tissues.

In order to illustrate the relation of pituitary gland tissue to other tissue types, a network plot was generated, displaying the number of genes with shared expression between different tissue types.

Figure 2. An interactive network plot of the pituitary gland enriched and group enriched genes connected to their respective enriched tissues (grey circles). Red nodes represent the number of pituitary gland enriched genes and orange nodes represent the number of genes that are group enriched. The sizes of the red and orange nodes are related to the number of genes displayed within the node. Each node is clickable and results in a list of all enriched genes connected to the highlighted edges. The network is limited to group enriched genes in combinations of up to 3 tissues, but the resulting lists show the complete set of group enriched genes in the particular tissue.



There are 111 group enriched genes expressed in pituitary gland and most of that expression is shared with the brain.The neurosecretory protein (VGF), which shows sequence similarities with the secretogranin/chromogranin family, is group enriched in pituitary gland and brain tissue. The exact function of VGF protein is not yet fully understood, however, there is evidence that the protein is involved in body fluid homeostasis by regulating vasopressin release.


VGF - pituitary gland

VGF - cerebral cortex

Pituitary gland also shares many proteins with adrenal gland and other endocrine tissues. The neuroendocrine protein secretogranin 2, encoded by the (SCG2) gene, is group enriched in adrenal gland, brain and pituitary gland. Secretogranin 2 has an important function in the packaging and sorting of hormones and neuropeptides into secretory vesicles.


SCG2 - pituitary gland

SCG2 - adrenal gland


SCG2 - cerebral cortex

SCG2 - hypothalamus

The gene NPTX2 encodes a neuronal petraxin protein, a synaptic protein of the neuronal petraxin family. (NPTX2) is group enriched in pituitary gland, adrenal gland, brain, testis and pancreas. The protein is believed to be involved in excitatory synapse formation and studies have shown that up-regulation of this protein may be associated to Parkinson's disease pathology.


NPTX2 - pituitary gland

NPTX2 - hippocampus


NPTX2 - pancreas

NPTX2 - testis

NPTX2 - adrenal gland

The pituitary glycoprotein hormones: luteinizing hormone (LHB), follicle stimulating hormone (FSHB), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHB), and the placental chorionic gonadotropin consists of an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha subunit for these proteins is encoded by the CGA gene, and is group enriched in pituitary gland and placenta.


CGA - pituitary gland

CGA - placenta


Proteins analyzed in pituitary gland tissue

The standard setup in the Tissue Atlas is based on Tissue Micro array technique (TMA), thus saving valuable tissue material as well as reagents and provides a wide tissue representation for protein profiling. In addition to the standard setup, extended tissue profiling in pituitary gland is performed for selected proteins, to give a more complete overview on where the proteins is expressed. The full list of genes used for protein profiling on pituitary gland samples is defined in Table 3.

Table 3. The following 54 genes have been analyzed in pituitary gland.

Gene Gene description Staining pattern
ADCYAP1 Adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 1 Highly abundant in a subset of anterior pituitary cells.
ARHGAP36 Rho GTPase activating protein 36 Strong in most anterior pituitary cells.
AVPR1B Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B Strong membranous and cytoplasmic staining in anterior pituitary cells.
CCDC66 Coiled-coil domain containing 66 Cytoplasmic staining in most anterior pituitary cells.
CGA Glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide Anterior lobe of pituitary gland strongly stained.
CHGB Chromogranin B Strong in anterior pituitary gland.
CHST14 Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 14 Strong cytoplasmic staining in subsets of cells in anterior pituitary.
CHST8 Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 8 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in anterior pituitary gland.
CNR1 Cannabinoid receptor 1 Membranous and cytoplasmic speckle-staining in most anterior pituitary cells.
COL22A1 Collagen type XXII alpha 1 chain Strong intracellular staining in a subset of cells in anterior pituitary gland.
CRHR1 Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 Cytoplasmic staining in a subset of anterior pituitary cells.
CSH1 Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in pituitary gland.
CSH2 Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in pituitary gland.
CSHL1 Chorionic somatomammotropin hormone like 1 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in pituitary gland.
DLK1 Delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 Strong staining in anterior lobe.
FBXO16 F-box protein 16 Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in anterior pituitary gland.
FSHB Follicle stimulating hormone beta subunit Strong cytoplasmic staining in a subset of cells in anterior pituitary gland.
FST Follistatin Strong cytoplasmic staining in a subset of anterior pituitary cells.
GAL Galanin and GMAP prepropeptide Stains a subsets of cells in anterior pituitary.
GATA2 GATA binding protein 2 Nuclear staining in a low fraction of anterior pituitary cells.
GH1 Growth hormone 1 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in pituitary gland.
GH2 Growth hormone 2 Strong cytoplasmic positivity in pituitary gland.
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Pituitary gland histology and function

The pituitary gland, or hypophysis (Gr. hypo, under, + physis, growth) is a small hormone-producing gland of dual embryonic origin that is about 1 cm in diameter and weighs approximately 0.5g. The pituitary gland lies in the cavity of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica), beneath the third ventricle of the brain. The dual origin of the pituitary gland derives from the gland being partly oral ectoderm and partly nervous tissue. During early gestation, a "loop" of ectodermal tissue arises from the roof of the mouth (called Rathke’s pouch) and combines together with a "loop" from the diencephalon of the developing brain. The function of the two parts stays separated as the anterior and posterior lobes, also called adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, respectively.

The pituitary gland plays a crucial role in human physiology, and together with the hypothalamus, the gland forms a link between the nervous and endocrine system, to control the functions of the thyroid, adrenal glands, and the gonads. The pituitary also regulates growth, lactation, and water preservation.

The anterior glands consists of epithelial cells that produce different hormones:

Cell type and Staining Affinity Hormone Produced
Somatotropic cells (acidophilic) Growth hormone
Mammotropic/Lactotropic cells (acidophilic) Prolactin
Gonadotropic cells (basophilic) Follicle-stimulating hormone and Luteinizing hormone
Thyrotropic cells (basophilic) Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Corticotropic cells (basophilic) Corticotropin (ACTH)
Melanotropes (basophilic) Alpha Melanocytic-stimulating hormone

The posterior pituitary gland consists mainly of unmyelinated axons from hypothalamic secretory neuronal cells located in the supraoptic and periventricular hypothalamic nuclei. The axons form the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and their terminals end in the posterior lobe. The neurons secrete a neurosecretory compound that mostly contain oxytocin or vasopressin. Surrounding these axons are pituicytes, which are glial cells that supports the storage and release of the hormones.


Relevant links and publications

Uhlén M et al, 2015. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science
PubMed: 25613900 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260419

Yu NY et al, 2015. Complementing tissue characterization by integrating transcriptome profiling from the Human Protein Atlas and from the FANTOM5 consortium. Nucleic Acids Res.
PubMed: 26117540 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv608

Fagerberg L et al, 2014. Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics.
PubMed: 24309898 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.M113.035600

Sjöstedt E et al, 2017. A specific antibody to detect transcription factor T-Pit: a reliable marker of corticotroph cell differentiation and a tool to improve the classification of pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. Acta Neuropathol.
PubMed: 28823042 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1768-9

Sjöstedt E et al, 2018. Integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics for exploration of proteins expressed in specialized tissues. J Proteome Res.
PubMed: 30272454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00406