SARS-CoV-2

The Human Protein Atlas (HPA) consortium is committed to aid in the fight against the health consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic.

The program involves both efforts to increase the knowledge about the human host proteins that interact with SARS-CoV-2, and efforts to develop diagnostic tools and therapeutic drugs to combat the pandemic. Read more in the news article and press release.

SARS-CoV-2 related proteins

Below is a summary of the tissue and cell expression patterns of known SARS-CoV-2 interacting human proteins, based on transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics. If you have a suggestion for other human proteins to include here, please send an email to contact@proteinatlas.org

SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors: ACE2
For more information about ACE2 and its cell type-specific expression in human tissues, also see: Hikmet et al "The protein expression profile of ACE2 in human tissues".

SARS-CoV-2 entry associated proteases: TMPRSS2, CTSB, CTSL

SARS-CoV-2 interacting proteins
Human proteins interacting with SARS-CoV-2 according to Gordon et al "A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing".

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Gene namei Covid-19 baiti Tissue specificityi Tissue expressioni Blood specificityi Subcellular location (main)i
AAR2 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
AASS SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) Mitochondria
AATF SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
ABCC1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Group enriched (basophil, eosinophil, T-reg) Plasma membrane
ACAD9 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
ACADM SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (liver, skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
ACE2 Tissue enriched (intestine)
Not detected in immune cells N/A
ACSL3 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enriched (parathyroid gland)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
ADAM9 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity N/A Immune cell enhanced (classical monocyte) Vesicles
ADAMTS1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (ovary)
Group enriched (NK-cell, gdT-cell) Plasma membrane
AES SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
AGPS SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Peroxisomes
AKAP8 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
AKAP8L SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear speckles
AKAP9 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
ALG11 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ALG5 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
ALG8 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
ANO6 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
AP2A2 SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
AP2M1 SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
AP3B1 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
ARF6 SARS-CoV2 nsp15 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ARL6IP6 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Tissue enhanced (blood)
Group enriched (basophil, eosinophil) Nuclear membrane
ATE1 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
ATP13A3 SARS-CoV2 nsp6 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
ATP1B1 SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (kidney)
Group enriched (basophil, T-reg, myeloid DC, NK-cell, memory CD4 T-cell, intermediate monocyte, gdT-cell) N/A
ATP5MG SARS-CoV2 nsp6 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
ATP6AP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp6 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Microtubules, Cytosol
ATP6V1A SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Nucleoplasm, Vesicles
BAG5 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Tissue enhanced (testis)
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
BCKDK SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
BCS1L SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
BRD2 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear speckles
BRD4 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
BZW2 SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (placenta, skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Actin filaments, Cytosol
C1orf50 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
CCDC86 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Tissue enriched (parathyroid gland)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
CDK5RAP2 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
CENPF SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Group enriched (bone marrow, lymphoid tissue)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
CEP112 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (testis) N/A Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
CEP135 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (lymphoid tissue) N/A Low immune cell specificity Focal adhesion sites
CEP250 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
CEP350 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
CEP68 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Centriolar satellite
CHMP2A SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
CHPF SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (plasmacytoid DC) Cytosol
CHPF2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
CISD3 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
CIT SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (bone marrow, brain)
Immune cell enhanced (T-reg) Cytosol
CLCC1 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
CLIP4 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
CNTRL SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
COL6A1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (memory CD8 T-cell, MAIT T-cell) Cytosol
COLGALT1 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
COMT SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (liver)
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
COQ8B SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
CRTC3 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) Nucleoplasm
CSDE1 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
CSNK2A2 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity N/A
CSNK2B SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
CTSB Tissue enhanced (thyroid gland)
Group enriched (classical monocyte, intermediate monocyte, plasmacytoid DC, myeloid DC, non-classical monocyte, basophil) Vesicles
CTSL Tissue enhanced (placenta)
Group enriched (non-classical monocyte, intermediate monocyte) Golgi apparatus
CUL2 SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
CWC27 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
CYB5B SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (adrenal gland)
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
CYB5R3 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
DCAF7 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
DCAKD SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
DCTPP1 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
DDX10 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
DDX21 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
DNAJC11 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
DNAJC19 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
DNMT1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
DPH5 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
DPY19L1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
ECSIT SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
EDEM3 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
EIF4E2 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
EIF4H SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nuclear bodies, Cytosol
ELOB SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ELOC SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
EMC1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ERC1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
ERGIC1 SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Vesicles
ERLEC1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ERMP1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (parathyroid gland)
Immune cell enhanced (NK-cell) N/A
ERO1B SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (pancreas)
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) N/A
ERP44 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
ETFA SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
EXOSC2 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nucleoli
EXOSC3 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
EXOSC5 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
EXOSC8 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli fibrillar center, Vesicles
F2RL1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (intestine)
Immune cell enriched (neutrophil) Plasma membrane
FAM162A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria, Cytosol
FAM8A1 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Golgi apparatus
FAM98A SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
FAR2 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (eosinophil) Golgi apparatus
FASTKD5 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
FBLN5 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) Plasma membrane
FBN1 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Tissue enhanced (placenta)
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
FBN2 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Tissue enriched (placenta)
Immune cell enhanced (non-classical monocyte, classical monocyte) Cytosol
FBXL12 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (lymphoid tissue) N/A Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
FKBP10 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (NK-cell) Vesicles
FKBP15 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
FKBP7 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
FOXRED2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (plasmacytoid DC) N/A
FYCO1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
G3BP1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
G3BP2 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
GCC1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GCC2 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GDF15 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (placenta)
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Golgi apparatus
GFER SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria, Cytosol
GGCX SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enriched (liver)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
GGH SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (kidney, liver)
Immune cell enriched (plasmacytoid DC) N/A
GHITM SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
GIGYF2 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
GLA SARS-CoV2 nsp14 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
GNB1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
GNG5 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
GOLGA2 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GOLGA3 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GOLGA7 SARS-CoV2 Spike Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
GOLGB1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GORASP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
GPAA1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
GRIPAP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles, Cytosol
GRPEL1 SARS-CoV2 nsp10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
GTF2F2 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
HDAC2 SARS-CoV2 nsp5 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
HEATR3 SARS-CoV2 orf7a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
HECTD1 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nucleoli
HMOX1 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Tissue enhanced (lymphoid tissue)
Group enriched (non-classical monocyte, intermediate monocyte, classical monocyte) Golgi apparatus, Plasma membrane
HOOK1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (liver)
Immune cell enhanced (naive CD4 T-cell) N/A
HS2ST1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
HS6ST2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (brain, kidney, ovary) N/A Immune cell enhanced (NK-cell) Nucleoplasm
HSBP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity N/A
HYOU1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (liver)
Immune cell enhanced (plasmacytoid DC) N/A
IDE SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
IL17RA SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (lymphoid tissue)
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
IMPDH2 SARS-CoV2 nsp14 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
INHBE SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (liver)
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Vesicles
INTS4 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
ITGB1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Focal adhesion sites
JAKMIP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (blood, brain)
Group enriched (T-reg, gdT-cell, memory CD8 T-cell, memory CD4 T-cell, MAIT T-cell, naive CD8 T-cell) N/A
KDELC1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (NK-cell) Nucleoplasm
KDELC2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (placenta)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
LARP1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytosol
LARP4B SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
LARP7 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
LMAN2 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
LOX SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity N/A Not detected in immune cells Endoplasmic reticulum
MAP7D1 SARS-CoV2 orf10 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Microtubules, Cytosol
MARC1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (adipose tissue, breast)
Group enriched (neutrophil, classical monocyte, basophil, eosinophil) Mitochondria
MARK1 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity N/A Not detected in immune cells N/A
MARK2 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
MARK3 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (eosinophil) N/A
MAT2B SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
MDN1 SARS-CoV2 orf7a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli, Cytosol
MEPCE SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
MFGE8 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (T-reg) Cytosol
MIB1 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
MIPOL1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Cytosol
MOGS SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
MOV10 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
MPHOSPH10 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
MRPS2 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
MRPS25 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
MRPS27 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Mitochondria
MRPS5 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
MTCH1 SARS-CoV2 orf6 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
MYCBP2 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
NARS2 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Mitochondria
NAT14 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (lymphoid tissue) N/A Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
NDFIP2 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (eosinophil) Vesicles
NDUFAF1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
NDUFAF2 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
NDUFB9 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
NEK9 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
NEU1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
NGDN SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli, Mitochondria
NGLY1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
NIN SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
NINL SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (naive CD8 T-cell) Cytokinetic bridge, Cytosol
NLRX1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (esophagus, lymphoid tissue, tongue)
Immune cell enhanced (eosinophil) Mitochondria
NOL10 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
NPC2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (epididymis)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
NPTX1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enriched (brain)
Immune cell enriched (NK-cell) N/A
NSD2 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
NUP210 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Tissue enhanced (bone marrow, lymphoid tissue)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
NUP214 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Tissue enhanced (blood) N/A Group enriched (neutrophil, classical monocyte) Nucleoplasm
NUP54 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
NUP58 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
NUP62 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear membrane
NUP88 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
NUP98 SARS-CoV2 orf6 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
NUTF2 SARS-CoV2 nsp15 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Microtubules
OS9 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
PABPC1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
PABPC4 SARS-CoV2 N Tissue enhanced (pancreas, skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
PCNT SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enriched (skeletal muscle)
Immune cell enhanced (naive CD8 T-cell) Centrosome
PCSK6 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (brain, liver, lymphoid tissue)
Immune cell enhanced (NK-cell) N/A
PDE4DIP SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Group enriched (heart muscle, skeletal muscle) N/A Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
PDZD11 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PIGO SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
PIGS SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PITRM1 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
PKP2 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Tissue enriched (heart muscle)
Immune cell enhanced (eosinophil) Cell Junctions
PLAT SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (parathyroid gland)
Immune cell enhanced (T-reg, memory CD4 T-cell) Actin filaments
PLD3 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (basophil) Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytosol
PLEKHA5 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (basophil) Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
PLEKHF2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PLOD2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (liver)
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Nucleoli, Cytosol
PMPCA SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
PMPCB SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
POFUT1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Centrosome
POLA1 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
POLA2 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
POR SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Tissue enhanced (liver)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Vesicles
PPIL3 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
PPT1 SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus, Vesicles
PRIM1 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
PRIM2 SARS-CoV2 nsp1 Tissue enhanced (lymphoid tissue, prostate) N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
PRKACA SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
PRKAR2A SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (testis)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
PRKAR2B SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Group enriched (adipose tissue, breast)
Immune cell enhanced (myeloid DC) Mitochondria
PRRC2B SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear bodies, Cytosol
PSMD8 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
PTBP2 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
PTGES2 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
PUSL1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
PVR SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (liver)
Group enriched (non-classical monocyte, intermediate monocyte, classical monocyte, myeloid DC) Nucleoplasm, Vesicles, Plasma membrane
QSOX2 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (naive B-cell) Golgi apparatus
RAB10 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
RAB14 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
RAB18 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
RAB1A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytosol
RAB2A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
RAB5C SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endosomes
RAB7A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Lysosomes
RAB8A SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Plasma membrane
RAE1 SARS-CoV2 orf6 Tissue enhanced (testis) N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli fibrillar center
RALA SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
RAP1GDS1 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
RBM28 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoli
RBM41 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear speckles, Cytosol
RBX1 SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
RDX SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (adrenal gland)
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
REEP5 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
REEP6 SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (intestine, liver, testis)
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
RETREG3 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nuclear membrane
RHOA SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
RIPK1 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
RNF41 SARS-CoV2 nsp15 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nuclear bodies
RPL36 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum, Cytosol
RRP9 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
RTN4 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
SAAL1 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
SBNO1 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Tissue enhanced (testis)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
SCAP SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
SCARB1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (adrenal gland, liver, placenta)
Immune cell enhanced (plasmacytoid DC) Vesicles
SCCPDH SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Tissue enhanced (blood)
Immune cell enriched (basophil) Vesicles
SDF2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
SELENOS SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (plasmacytoid DC) Endoplasmic reticulum
SEPSECS SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Tissue enhanced (liver) N/A Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
SIGMAR1 SARS-CoV2 nsp6 Tissue enhanced (liver)
Low immune cell specificity N/A
SIL1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
SIRT5 SARS-CoV2 nsp14 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
SLC25A21 SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (testis) N/A Not detected in immune cells N/A
SLC27A2 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Tissue enriched (liver)
Immune cell enriched (basophil) N/A
SLC30A6 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
SLC30A7 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus
SLC30A9 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
SLC44A2 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles, Cell Junctions
SLC9A3R1 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
SLU7 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
SMOC1 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (brain, liver)
Immune cell enriched (plasmacytoid DC) Plasma membrane
SNIP1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
SPART SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (basophil) Cytosol
SRP19 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
SRP54 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
SRP72 SARS-CoV2 nsp8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
STC2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Tissue enhanced (breast, pancreas)
Not detected in immune cells Endoplasmic reticulum
STOM SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
STOML2 SARS-CoV2 orf3b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
SUN2 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear membrane
TAPT1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (naive B-cell) Vesicles
TARS2 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
TBCA SARS-CoV2 nsp11 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Microtubules
TBK1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
TBKBP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (neutrophil) Nucleoplasm
TCF12 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Tissue enhanced (lymphoid tissue)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Nuclear speckles
THTPA SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
TIMM10 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
TIMM10B SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
TIMM29 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
TIMM8B SARS-CoV2 orf10 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
TIMM9 SARS-CoV2 nsp4 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
TLE1 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
TLE3 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (neutrophil) Nucleoplasm
TM2D3 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
TMED5 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
TMEM39B SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
TMEM97 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enriched (pancreas)
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
TMPRSS2 Tissue enhanced (intestine, pancreas, prostate)
Not detected in immune cells Cell Junctions
TOMM70 SARS-CoV2 orf9b Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
TOR1A SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear membrane, Vesicles
TOR1AIP1 SARS-CoV2 nsp7 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear membrane
TRIM59 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Tissue enhanced (brain, lymphoid tissue) N/A Low immune cell specificity Rods & Rings
TRMT1 SARS-CoV2 nsp5_C145A Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane, Cytosol
TUBGCP2 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Centrosome
TUBGCP3 SARS-CoV2 M Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
TYSND1 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Tissue enhanced (testis)
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm, Centrosome
UBAP2 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
UBAP2L SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear speckles, Cytosol
UBXN8 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Tissue enhanced (ovary)
Low immune cell specificity Endoplasmic reticulum
UGGT2 SARS-CoV2 orf8 Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity N/A
UPF1 SARS-CoV2 N Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
USP13 SARS-CoV2 nsp13 Tissue enhanced (heart muscle, skeletal muscle)
Immune cell enriched (MAIT T-cell) Nucleoplasm, Cytosol
USP54 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Tissue enhanced (brain)
Low immune cell specificity Mitochondria
VPS11 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
VPS39 SARS-CoV2 orf3a Low tissue specificity N/A Low immune cell specificity N/A
WASHC4 SARS-CoV2 nsp2 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nucleoplasm
WFS1 SARS-CoV2 orf9c Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity N/A
YIF1A SARS-CoV2 M Tissue enhanced (liver)
Low immune cell specificity Vesicles
ZC3H18 SARS-CoV2 E Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Nuclear speckles
ZC3H7A SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Cytosol
ZDHHC5 SARS-CoV2 Spike Low tissue specificity
Low immune cell specificity Plasma membrane
ZNF318 SARS-CoV2 nsp12 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enriched (naive B-cell) Nucleoplasm
ZNF503 SARS-CoV2 nsp9 Low tissue specificity
Immune cell enhanced (classical monocyte, myeloid DC) Plasma membrane, Cytosol
ZYG11B SARS-CoV2 orf10 Tissue enhanced (skeletal muscle)
Low immune cell specificity Golgi apparatus, Intermediate filaments