The urinary bladder-specific proteomeThe main function of the urinary bladder is to store and excrete urine made by the kidneys. The urinary bladder consists of three distinct layers; urothelium, adventitia and muscularis propria. The urothelial layer can be further subdivided into three different cell types; umbrella cells, intermediate cells and basal layer cells. Transcriptome analysis shows that 75% (n=14684) of all human proteins (n=19670) are expressed in the urinary bladder and 99 of these genes show an elevated expression in urinary bladder compared to other tissue types. The urinary bladder transcriptomeTranscriptome analysis of the urinary bladder can be visualized with regard to specificity and distribution of transcribed mRNA molecules (Figure 1). Specificity illustrates the number of genes with elevated or non-elevated expression in the urinary bladder compared to other tissues. Elevated expression includes three subcategory types of elevated expression:
Distribution, on the other hand, visualizes how many genes that have, or do not have, detectable levels (NX≥1) of transcribed mRNA molecules in the urinary bladder compared to other tissues. As evident in Table 1, all genes elevated in urinary bladder are categorized as:
A. Specificity B. Distribution Figure 1. (A) The distribution of all genes across the five categories based on transcript specificity in urinary bladder as well as in all other tissues. (B) The distribution of all genes across the six categories, based on transcript detection (NX≥1) in urinary bladder as well as in all other tissues. As shown in Figure 1, 99 genes show some level of elevated expression in urinary bladder compared to other tissues. The three categories of genes with elevated expression in urinary bladder compared to other organs are shown in Table 1. In Table 2, the 1 enriched gene is defined. Table 1. Number of genes in the subdivided categories of elevated expression in urinary bladder.
Table 2. The 1 gene with enriched expression in urinary bladder. "Tissue distribution" describes the transcript detection (NX≥1) in urinary bladder as well as in all other tissues. "mRNA (tissue)" shows the transcript level in urinary bladder as NX values. "Tissue specificity score (TS)" corresponds to the fold-change between the expression level in urinary bladder and the tissue with second highest expression level.
Protein expression of genes elevated in urinary bladderIn-depth analysis of the elevated genes in urinary bladder using antibody-based protein profiling allowed us to visualize the expression patterns of these proteins in different functional compartments including proteins specifically expressed in the urothelium. Proteins expressed in the urotheliumOut of the 99 genes with elevated expression in urinary bladder, 20 are localized in the whole urothelium. Proteins expressed in umbrella cellsOut of the 99 urinary bladder elevated genes, four are specifically expressed in the umbrella cells. These four genes belong to the UPK family (uroplakins), which are transmembrane proteins forming so called urothelial plaques. Urothelial plaques both prevents the umbrella cells from dissociating from the cell-cell conjunctions, and from bacterial disturbance. Proteins expressed in intermediate/basal layer cellsThe intermediate cells are the progenitors of the umbrella cells, while the basal layer cells likely originates from a distinct population. Out of the 99 urinary bladder elevated genes, three are specifically expressed in the intermediate/basal layer cells. KRT17 has been shown to be upregulated in several cancer types, including urothelial carcinoma. PCP4L1 is suggested to inhibit calmodulin, a messenger protein involved in several intracellular pathways. ATP1A4 is also expressed in male germ cells and plays an important role in sperm motility. Gene expression shared between urinary bladder and other tissuesThere are 18 group enriched genes expressed in urinary bladder. Group enriched genes are defined as genes showing a 4-fold higher average level of mRNA expression in a group of 2-5 tissues, including urinary bladder, compared to all other tissues. In order to illustrate the relation of urinary bladder tissue to other tissue types, a network plot was generated, displaying the number of genes with shared expression between different tissue types.
Figure 2. An interactive network plot of the urinary bladder enriched and group enriched genes connected to their respective enriched tissues (grey circles). Red nodes represent the number of urinary bladder enriched genes and orange nodes represent the number of genes that are group enriched. The sizes of the red and orange nodes are related to the number of genes displayed within the node. Each node is clickable and results in a list of all enriched genes connected to the highlighted edges. The network is limited to group enriched genes in combinations of up to 3 tissues, but the resulting lists show the complete set of group enriched genes in the particular tissue. Urinary bladder shares group enriched gene expression with kidney and liver, among others. One example of a protein with group enriched expression in urinary bladder, kidney and liver is UGT1A6, an enzyme belonging to the UGT family which has been shown to convert carcinogenic compounds to safe metabolites. In fact, reduced expression of all the UGT1A isotopes have been observed in urothelial carcinoma, which further suggests a protective role.
Urinary bladder functionThe urinary bladder, together with the urethra, forms the lower urinary tract. There are two important functions of the urinary bladder; storage and emptying of urine. This process is orchestrated by a complex interaction between the urinary tract and the nervous system. During the filling phase, the smooth muscle relax, while emptying is preceded by contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the urethra. Furthermore, the umbrella cells change their morphology and become cuboidal when the bladder is empty, while they stretch and become squamous when the bladder is filled. The smooth muscle is innervated by mainly cholinergic, and a few noradrenergic nerve fibers. Urinary bladder histologyThe urothelium is made up by three to seven layers of flat cells which prevents leakage of urinary substances into the blood. The superficial layer is made up of a single row of large, elliptical cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm that store small amounts of mucin and are called umbrella cells. The intermediate cells have a cuboidal to low columnar shape, oval nuclei with stippled chromatin, moderate amounts of cytoplasm and well-defined cell membranes. The basal layer is made up of cuboidal cells that rest on the basal lamina. The lamina propria is composed of a loose connective tissue containing a vascular and lymphatic network. While the urethra is made up of both smooth and striated muscle, allowing for voluntarily emptying of urine, the muscle layer in the bladder is solely made up of smooth muscle. The smooth muscle of the urinary bladder has three layers; the inner and outer layer with a longitudinal orientation, and the middle layer with a circular orientation. The histology of human urinary bladder including detailed images and information can be viewed in the Protein Atlas Histology Dictionary. BackgroundHere, the protein-coding genes expressed in urinary bladder are described and characterized, together with examples of immunohistochemically stained tissue sections that visualize corresponding protein expression patterns of genes with elevated expression in urinary bladder.
Relevant links and publications Sundararaghavan VL et al, 2017. Glucuronidation and UGT isozymes in bladder: new targets for the treatment of uroepithelial carcinomas? Oncotarget. |
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